Apparatus and Method for Electrode Thermosurgery

ABSTRACT

An instrument for tissue ablation includes an elongated tissue-penetrating electrode including a rigid tubular member having a closed distal end defining an interior cavity extending from the closed distal end to a proximal end of the rigid tubular member. The rigid tubular member defines an electrically conductive surface capable of receiving electrical energy from the source of electrical energy. The instrument includes one or more electrically conductive segments on the electrode and configured to receive electrosurgical energy from the rigid tubular member. An insulation layer is disposed upon the electrode and defines an exposed portion of the electrode at the distal end. The instrument also includes at least one sensor that detects a temperature during ablation and a semiconductive material coated on the rigid tubular member that forms one or more resistive layers that connects the rigid tubular member with a corresponding electrically conductive segment.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/418,880 entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ELECTRODE THERMOSURGERY” filed by Ronald J. Podhajsky on May 5, 2006, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to an electrosurgical system and method. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to an apparatus and method for tissue ablation having increased electrode temperature control.

2. Background of Related Art

Therapeutic lesions in living bodies have been accomplished for many decades using radio-frequency (RF) and other forms of energy. The procedures have been particularly useful in the field of neurosurgery, typically where RF ablation electrodes (usually of elongated cylindrical geometry) are inserted into a living body. A typical form of such ablation electrodes incorporates an insulated sheath from which an exposed (uninsulated) tip extends.

Generally, the ablation electrode is coupled between a grounded RF power source (outside the body) and a reference ground or indifferent electrode for contacting a large surface of the body. When an RF voltage is provided between the reference electrode and the inserted ablation electrode, RF current flows from the ablation electrode through the body. Typically, the current density is very high near the tip of the ablation electrode, which heats and destroys the adjacent tissue.

Ablation electrode techniques, including the theory behind the techniques and many applications of the techniques are described in various papers, specifically see, (1) Cosman et al, “Theoretical Aspects of Radiofrequency Lesions in the Dorsal Root Entry Zone” Neurosurg 15:945-950, 1984 and (2) Cosman E. R. and Cosman B. J.: “Methods of Making Nervous System Lesions, in Wilkins R H, Rengachary S S (EDS): Neurosurgery, New York, McGraw-Hill, Vol. III, pp. 2490-2498, 1984.

In the past, RF ablation electrodes have incorporated temperature sensors, for example, in the form of a thermistor or thermocouple. In that regard, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,266 (1983, Eric R. Cosman). Typically, the sensor is connected to a monitoring apparatus for indicating temperature to assist in accomplishing a desired lesion. As generally known, for a given tip geometry and tip temperature, lesions of a prescribed size can be made quite consistently. In that regard also, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,266, (1983, Eric R. Cosman).

Over the years, a wide variety of RF electrode shapes and configurations have been used, for example, several current forms are available from ValleyLab Inc., Boulder, Colo. Such electrodes have been used to accomplish lesions in a wide variety of targets within the body, including the brain, the spinal column and the heart.

However, a limitation of prior electrode ablation systems relates to the temperature of the tip. Specifically, prior ablation electrodes of a given tip geometry should not effectively exceed a temperature of 100.degree. C. At that temperature, the surrounding tissue will boil and char. Also, uncontrolled disruption, such as hemorrhage and explosive gas formation, may cause extremely hazardous and clinically dangerous effects on the patient. Consequently, the lesion size for a given electrode geometry generally has been considered to be somewhat limited by the fact that the tissue near the tip must not exceed 100.degree. C.

Essentially, during RF ablation, the electrode temperature is highest near the tip, because the current density is the highest at that location. Accordingly, temperature falls off as a function of distance from the electrode tip, and except for possible abnormalities in tissue conductivity, in a somewhat predictable and even calculable pattern. As an attendant consequence, the size of RF lesions for a given electrode geometry have been somewhat limited.

One proposed solution to the limitation of lesion's size has been to employ “off-axis” electrodes, for example the so called Zervas Hypophysectomy Electrode or the Gildenberg Side-Outlet electrode, as manufactured by Integra Radionics, Inc, Burlington, Mass. However, such systems in requiring multiple tissue punctures, increase the risk of hemorrhage, severely prolong the time of surgery and increase the level of delicacy. An umbrella of off-axis lesions may not produce a desired homogenous or uniform lesion.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, the present disclosure is directed to an electrosurgical instrument for use with a source of electrical energy to ablate tissue in a living subject. In one embodiment, the instrument includes an elongated tissue-penetrating electrode including a rigid tubular member with a closed distal end defining an interior cavity extending from the closed distal end to a proximal end of the rigid tubular member. The rigid tubular member defines an electrically conductive surface capable of receiving electrical energy from a source of electrical energy. The instrument also includes at least one electrically conductive segment located on the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode. Each electrically conductive segment is configured to receive electrosurgical energy from the rigid tubular member. The instrument also includes an insulation layer, disposed upon the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode, that defines an exposed portion of the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode at the distal end. The instrument further includes at least one sensor that detects temperature during ablation. A semiconductive material coated on the rigid tubular member forms at least one resistive layer configured to connect the rigid tubular member with a corresponding electrically conductive segment.

Each resistive layer and the corresponding electrically conductive segment generate a thermal geometry related to the resistance of the resistive layer. The thermal geometries formed by each electrically conductive segment forms a thermal geometry related to the electrosurgical instrument. The resistive layer may be constructed from a material deposition process, a removal process, spin deposition, lithography, evaporators, ion beam etching and/or chemical etching.

The electrosurgical instrument may also include a control line which, when activated, allows electrical current to flow from the rigid tubular member. The activation of the control line allows electrical current to flow from the rigid tubular member, through each resistive layer and to the corresponding electrically conductive segment.

The electrosurgical instrument may further include a fluid conduit sized to extend into the interior cavity of the rigid tubular member. The fluid conduit is connected to a source of coolant and supplies coolant that cools tissue contiguous to the exposed portion of the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode. The source of coolant may be an adjustable source that adaptively provides coolant to the fluid conduit according to the detected temperature.

The present disclosure is also directed to a system for targeting and ablating a volume of tissue to maximize the formation of a lesion. The system includes an electrical energy generator and an elongated tissue-penetrating electrode. The elongated tissue-penetrating electrode includes one or more sensors that detect a temperature during ablation and a rigid tubular member having a closed distal end that defines an interior cavity. The interior cavity extends from the closed distal end to a proximal end. The rigid tubular member defines an electrically conductive surface capable of receiving electrical energy from the electrical energy generator. One or more electrically conductive segments are located on the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode and are configured to receive electrosurgical energy from the rigid tubular member. A semiconductive material, coated on the rigid tubular member, forms one or more resistive layers. The layers each configured to connect the rigid tubular member with a corresponding electrically conductive segment. An insulation layer, disposed on the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode, defines an exposed portion of the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode at the distal end. A fluid conduit, sized to extend into the interior cavity of the rigid tubular member, has a first end in fluid communication with an adjustable fluid source and a second end in fluid communication with the rigid tubular member. The adjustable fluid source adaptively provides coolant to the fluid conduit.

Each respective resistive layer and the corresponding electrically conductive segment generate a thermal geometry related to the resistance of the resistive layer. In one embodiment, the resistance of a first resistive layer is different than the resistance of a second resistive layer. The thermal geometries formed by each of the electrically conductive segments forms a thermal geometry related to the electrosurgical instrument.

The system may include a control line which, when activated, allows electrical current to flow from the rigid tubular member. Activation of the control line allows electrical current to flow from the rigid tubular member, through each resistive layer and to each corresponding electrically conductive segment.

The present disclosure is also directed to a method for targeting and ablating a volume of tissue to maximize the formation of a lesion. The method includes the steps of providing an elongated tissue-penetrating electrode including a rigid tubular member and having one or more electrically conductive segment disposed on the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode; coating a semiconductive material on the rigid tubular member, the semiconductive material forming one or more resistive layers configured to connect the rigid tubular member with a corresponding electrically conductive segments; detecting a temperature using at least one sensor during ablation; supplying electrical energy from a generator to the rigid tubular member; supplying coolant to the rigid tubular member according to the detected temperature using an adjustable source of coolant; controlling a flow of electrical energy from the rigid tubular member to the at least one electrically conductive segment; and controlling a flow of coolant from the adjustable source of coolant to the rigid tubular member.

The method may further include the steps of activating a control line which, when activated, allows electrical current to flow from the rigid tubular member. Another method may include the step of generating a thermal geometry related to the resistance of a resistive layer coated on the rigid tubular member.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block and sectional diagram of a system constructed in accordance with a prior art device;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged block and sectional diagram of the prior art illustrating portions of the system of FIG. 1 in greater structural detail and with slight modifications;

FIG. 3A is a greatly enlarged block and sectional diagram of the present disclosure showing a plurality of electrically conductive segments;

FIG. 3B is a view of the area of detail in FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4A is an enlarged block and sectional diagram of an alternate embodiment of the present disclosure showing a plurality of fixed resistors;

FIG. 4B is a view of the area of detail of FIG. 4A; and

FIG. 5 is an enlarged block and sectional diagram of another embodiment of the present disclosure showing a plurality of electrically conductive segments having a direct connection with an electrical energy source.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Particular embodiments of the present disclosure are described hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the present disclosure in unnecessary detail. Those skilled in the art will understand that the invention according to the present disclosure may be adapted for use with either monopolar or bipolar electrosurgical systems.

Referring concurrently to FIGS. 1 and 2, the illustrated ablation system generally incorporates an elongated shaft or cannula body C for insertion, either percutaneously or intraoperatively into an open wound site. As illustrated, the cannula body C is integral with a head or hub element H coupled to remote support components, collectively designated S.

Structurally, cannula body C incorporates an elongated ablative electrode 11 (FIG. 2) formed of conductive material, e.g. metal such as stainless steel, titanium, etc. At the distal end of the cannula body C, electrode 11 defines a tip 12 that may be radiused at its end or which may be pointed. In one form, tip 12 may define a trocar point and may be of robust metal construction to facilitate insertion or penetration of tissue. In operation, when using an R.F. power supply 16, electrical current spreads from tip 12 to pass through the surrounding tissue causing the tissue to heat up. That is, when tip 12 is positioned contiguous (near, touching or within) to tissue, energy from R.F. power supply 16 is dissipated into heat within the tissue.

Over most of its length, electrode 11 carries an insulative coating 13 for selectively preventing the flow of electrical current from shaft 15 of electrode 11 into surrounding tissue. Thus, insulative coating 13 shields the intervening tissue from RF current, so that such tissue is not substantially heated along the length of shaft 15 except by the heating effect from exposed tip 12. Insulative material 13 may be constructed from a variety of different materials, including, but not limited to, ceramics, glass and polymeric materials.

The proximal end of electrode 11 (FIG. 2) is integral with an enlarged housing 14 of hub H that carries electrical and coolant connections, as explained in greater detail below. Outside the patient's body, housing 14 may be of a cylindrical configuration, defining ports for connections to the support components S, i.e., electrical and fluid couplings. As suggested, housing 14 may be integral with electrode 11, formed of metal, or it may constitute a separate subassembly as described below. Alternatively, housing 14 can be of plastic, accommodating separate electrical connections. In that regard, a plastic housing 14 is amenable to low artifact imaging by X-rays, CT, MRI, etc. as may be desirable in some situations.

Housing 14 mates with a block 18 (FIG. 2) defining a luer taper lock 19, essentially sealing block 18 to housing 14. Thus, fluid and electrical couplings are provided. Specifically, connection to a regulated RF supply 16 (variable) can take the form of a standard cable connector, a leader wire, a jack-type contact or other designs known in the high frequency art. The temperature-sensing and radiofrequency electrical connections can be made through housing 14 and extend to the region of tip 12, where an RF line 25 is connected by junction 21 (a weld, braze, or other secure electrical connection). Sensor lines 24 extend to a thermo-sensor 23, as in the form of a thermistor, or a thermocouple, or other type of sensor. Thermo sensor 23 may be fused or in thermal contact with the wall of tip 12 to sense the temperature of tip 12.

RF power supply 16 may be referenced to reference potential as illustrated (FIG. 2), and coupled through block 18 affixed to hub H. Specifically, RF power supply 16 provides RF current through line 25, which extends through block 18 and on to connection junction 21 located on electrode 11. Power supply 16 may take the form of an RF generator as exemplified by the RFG-3C RF Lesion Generator System available from ValleyLab, Inc., Boulder, Co.

As indicated above and in accordance with common practice, when ablation electrode 11 is in a patient's body, an electrical circuit is completed through the body to a reference or dispersive electrode R (symbolically represented in FIG. 2) that is connected elsewhere to the body. Consequently RF power supply 16 heats body tissue by sending current from tip 12. In that regard, a temperature monitor 20 (FIG. 2 left, center) may be electrically connected by line 22 to temperature sensor 23 as in the form of a thermocouple or thermistor typically within or contacting tip 12. As illustrated, sensor 23 is connected to tip 12. The sensed temperature may be utilized to control either or both the flow of RF energy or the flow of coolant to attain the desired ablation. Note that a plurality of sensors could be utilized including those that could extend outside tip 12 to measure temperatures existing at various locations in the proximity of tip 12. Temperature monitor 20 may be as exemplified by the TC thermocouple temperature monitoring devices available from ValleyLab, Inc., Boulder, Co.

In accordance herewith, temperatures at or near tip 12 (manifest by monitor 20) may be controlled by controlling the flow of fluid coolant through ablation electrode 11. Accordingly, the temperature of the tissue contacting or near tip 12 is controlled. In the disclosed embodiment, fluid from a fluid source FS is carried the length of ablation electrode 11 (FIG. 2) through a tube 26 extending from housing H to the distal end of electrode 11 terminating in an open end 28 at tip 12. At the opposite end of electrode 11, within housing H, tube 26 is connected to receive fluid. As illustrated in the detailed structure of FIG. 1, fluid source FS includes a source unit 34 coupled through a control 32 utilizing a hypodermic syringe 30 to actuate fluid flow (arrow 38) through a coupling 38. Thus, fluid flow is regulated in accordance with observed temperature, allowing increased flow of RF energy.

The fluid coolant may take the form of water or saline for the convection removal of heat from tip 12. Reservoir or source unit 34 (FIG. 1) might be a large reservoir of cooled water, saline or other fluid. As a simplistic example, a tank of water with ice cubes can function to maintain the coolant at a temperature of approximately 0° C. As another example, the fluid source FS could incorporate a peristaltic pump or other fluid pump, or could merely be a gravity feed for supplying fluid from a bag or rigid tank.

Flow away from tip 12 (FIG. 2) exits hub H through an exit port 40, as illustrated by arrows 42 and 43. Note that the ports may take the form of simple couplings, rigid units or may comprise flexible tubular couplings to reduce torque transmission to the electrode 11. Also, the coolant flow members may take the form of PVC tubes with plastic luer connectors.

As a result of the coolant flow, the interior of electrode 11, in particular electrode tip 12, can be held to a temperature near that of the fluid source FS. The coolant can circulate in a closed system as illustrated in FIG. 2. Also, in some situations, it may be desirable to reverse the direction of fluid flow from that depicted in the figures. As treated in detail below, coordinated operation involving RF heating along with the cooling may be accomplished by a microprocessor 44 (FIG. 2). In that regard, microprocessor 44 is coupled to RF power supply 16, temperature monitor 20 and fluid source FS to receive data on flow rates and temperatures and exercise control. Accordingly, an integrated operation is provided with feedback from temperature monitor 20 in a controlled format and various functions can be concurrently accomplished. Thus, facilitated by the cooling, the temperature profile of ablation electrode 11 may be moderated, changed, controlled or stabilized. Such controlled operation can effectively reduce the temperature of tissue near tip 12 to accomplish an equilibrium temperature distribution tailored to the desired lesion size.

The temperature distribution in the tissue near tip 12 depends on the RF current from tip 12 and depends on the temperature of the tissue that is adjacent to tip 12 and that tip temperature can be controlled to approach the temperature of the fluid from the source FS. Thus, a thermal boundary condition may be established, holding the temperature of the tissue (near tip 12) to approximately the temperature of the tip itself, e.g. the temperature of the fluid inside tip 12. Accordingly, by temperature control, a surgeon may impose a defined temperature at the boundary of electrode tip 12, which can be somewhat independent of the RF heating process and, in fact, dramatically modify the temperature distribution in the tissue.

Heat is generated in the following manner during ablation. The area of the ablation electrode 11 that is in contact with the ablation site (i.e., the tip 12) affects the current density of the signal that heats the tissue. The smaller the contact area the ablation electrode 11 has with the tissue, the greater the current density and the greater and more concentrated the heating of tissue. Conversely, the greater the contact area of the ablation electrode 11, the smaller the current density and the less heating of tissue. Further, the greater the heating of tissue, the greater the probability of burning the tissue. It is therefore important to either ensure a relative high amount of contact area between the ablation electrode 11 and the tissue, or otherwise maintain a relatively low current density on the ablation electrode 11.

While there are various methods of maintaining a relatively low current density (including the use of electrosurgical return electrode monitors (REMs), such as the one described in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,565,559, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein), the present disclosure ensures ablation electrode 11 maintains a low current density by controlling the temperature created by the current over the surface of the ablation electrode 11.

Referring now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, one embodiment of electrosurgical instrument 100 according to the present disclosure is shown for use with a source of electrical energy to ablate tissue in a living subject. Electrosurgical instrument 100 includes electrode 111 having a rigid tubular member 154 contained therein. Rigid tubular member 154 is electrically conductive and is operatively connected to RF power supply 116 as discussed in greater detail below. Electrically conductive segments 150 a-e are disposed on the exterior surface of electrode 111. Segments 150 a-e are configured to receive electrosurgical energy from the rigid tubular member 154 as also discussed in greater detail below. Electrode 111 also includes an insulation layer 113 disposed upon segments 150 a-e and/or electrode 111. Insulation layer 113 defines an exposed portion of instrument 100, and may be constructed from a variety of suitable materials, such as those mentioned above.

Electrically conductive segments 150 a-e are each connected to rigid tubular member 154 by respective transistors 152 a-e. The gate of each transistor 152 a-e is connected to a respective control line 158 a-e, which leads to a microprocessor 144 or control unit that controls the flow of electrical energy to segments 150 a-e. In this arrangement, transistors 152 a-e act as switches that provide control over the energy output profile delivered to respective segments 150 a-e. Activation of any particular control line triggers current flow from rigid tubular member 154 to the selected segment 150 (e.g., activation of control line 158 b allows current to flow from rigid tubular member 154, through transistor 152 b to segment 152 b). Microprocessor 144 may be housed within and may work in conjunction with an electrosurgical generator (not explicitly shown) to regulate and control the various transistors.

Rigid tubular member 154 may be coated with a suitable semiconductive material in order to create transistors 152 a-e. Transistors 152 a-e may be constructed from a variety of different designs, including, but not limited to, Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). These may be created using techniques known in the semiconductor industry, such as those used in the construction of integrated circuits. For a more detailed explanation of MOSFETs and their construction see CMOS VLSI DESIGN: A CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE, by N. Weste et al., Pearson Education, Boston, Mass., 2005.

Rigid tubular member 154 includes a closed distal end and defines an interior cavity extending from the closed distal end to a proximal end of rigid tubular member 154. Tubular member 154 contains a fluid conduit or tube 126. Tube 126 is sized to extend into the interior cavity and is adapted to be connected to a source of coolant “FS” to supply coolant for cooling tissue. Coolant source “FS” may be an adjustable source of coolant for adaptively providing coolant to fluid conduit 126 according to the detected temperature. As mentioned above, coolant source “FS” may work in conjunction with microprocessor 144, RF power supply 116 and temperature monitor 120 to adjust coolant flow in order to achieve the desired temperature.

In FIG. 3, temperature sensors 123 a-e and corresponding temperature lines 124 a-e are similar to those described herein above and shown in FIG. 2 as temperature sensor 23 and corresponding temperature line 24. However, sensors 123 a-e provide the temperature status of respective segments 150 a-e, therefore allowing for a more detailed temperature profile. Temperature lines 124 a-e may be connected to temperature monitor 120, microprocessor 144 or both. Using the data obtained from temperature sensors 123 a-e the levels of RF current and coolant may be adjusted to achieve the desired results and to optimize instrument performance.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A-4B, an alternate embodiment of an electrosurgical instrument 200 according to the present disclosure is shown. FIG. 4 is similar to FIG. 3 above but replaces transistors 152 and corresponding control lines 156 with resistive layers 264 a-g having a known fixed resistance. The fixed resistance values are selected so that a desired thermal profile is continuously provided. Using this configuration, instruments having numerous thermal geometries may be manufactured. Some of these thermal geometries may include, but are not limited to, spherical, cylindrical, conical, nonsymmetrical, polygonal etc.

Construction of fixed resistive layers is common in silicon wafer fabrication and similar techniques may be utilized here. Resistors are often built into integrated circuits as part of the fabrication process, using a semiconductor as the resistor. Electrode fabrication may utilize, inter alia, the following processes and devices: material deposition or removal processes, spin deposition, lithography, evaporators, ion beam etching and silicon beam etching.

RF power supply 216, temperature monitor 220, microprocessor 244 and coolant source “FS” all work in conjunction to produce a desired ablative effect. Instrument 200 works in a similar fashion to that described above in FIGS. 3A-38 but includes fixed resistors 264.

FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of electrosurgical instrument 300 according to the present disclosure which includes rigid tubular member 154 of previous embodiments. In this embodiment, direct RF connections are made between RF Power Supply 316 and individual segments 350 a-e. The amount of RF energy delivered to each segment 350 a-e can be controlled using the microprocessor (which may be part of an electrosurgical generator (not shown)) to provide improved shaping of the thermal profile. Certain elements may utilize either monopolar or bipolar energy.

The present disclosure also relates to a method for targeting and ablating a volume of tissue to maximize the formation of a lesion. The method includes the step of providing an elongated tissue-penetrating electrode 111 including a rigid tubular member 154 with a closed distal end defining an interior cavity extending from the closed distal end to a proximal end of rigid tubular member 154. Rigid tubular member 154 defines an electrically conductive surface capable of receiving electrical energy from the source of electrical energy (such as an electrosurgical generator). The method also includes the step of placing at least one electrically conductive segment 150 on electrode 111. Segment 150 may be configured to receive electrosurgical energy from rigid tubular member 154. The method also includes the step of disposing an insulation layer 113 upon the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode 111, thereby defining an exposed portion of electrode 111 at the distal end. The method may also include the step of detecting the temperature of each electrically conductive segment 150 using a sensor 123 disposed upon each segment 150.

The method may further include the steps of supplying electrical energy (such as RF) from a generator or energy source to rigid tubular member 154 and supplying coolant through fluid conduit 126 to the closed distal end of rigid tubular member 154. The coolant flow may be selectively adjustable depending upon the measured temperature. The method may further include the step of controlling the flow of electrical energy from rigid tubular member 154 to each segment 150 using one or more microprocessors 144. Similarly, the method provides the step of controlling a flow of coolant from an adjustable source of coolant to the distal end of the rigid tubular member using one or more microprocessors 144. In certain embodiments, the step of activating a control line in order to allow electrical current to flow from rigid tubular member 154 to electrically conductive segment 154 may be included.

From the above description, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that the present invention may be embodied in a number of various forms. In that regard, the embodiment shown in the figures may be implemented variously, for example, to be either disposable or non-disposable. The thermal circulation system may or may not be an intact closed end, tissue-penetrating structure. Temperature sensors and monitors may or may not be used in the electrode or applicator.

Various forms of plastics, metals and composite materials may be utilized to accomplish specific objectives. For example, insulation coating 13 may take the form of Teflon, polyethylene, and the like. Numerous alternative embodiments of the present disclosure are envisioned.

Various energy sources could be employed as alternatives to RF energy. As examples, the energy could take the form of microwave energy, an ultrasonic heater providing sonic waves into tissue or a direct power source. Also as indicated, heating could be directed by various shapes of structures or variously apertured structures.

Alternative electrodes may take the form of a cannula with fiber optic channels to transmit laser light into the tissue for the generation of heat at a depth. Various geometries (curved or straight) of laser systems may be employed as well. One form of RF power supply may comprise the RFG-3C Lesion Generator as produced by ValleyLab, Inc., Boulder, Colo., however, other suitable electrical power sources such as electrosurgical RF power supplies, bipolar cautery supplies, etc. could be utilized as well.

Various graphics displays may be incorporated in accordance herewith along with the cooling system as disclosed. Various controls may be provided for the cooling system and the heating system coordinated by observed or displayed phenomena. Various forms of feedback control are well-known and may be utilized in the present disclosure. For a detailed description of modern feedback control systems see FEEDBACK CONTROL OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS, by G. Franklin et al., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 2002.

As explained with respect to the disclosed embodiments, many variations of electrodes or body terminals are practical including tubular shafts, square shafts, etc. Flat electrodes, area electrodes, multiple electrodes, arrays of electrodes, electrodes with side-outlet or side-issued-tips, electrodes with balloon tips, expandable tips or conformable tips can be considered within the system. Electrodes with steerable tips and electrode shafts that can be conformed or shaped or that can be malleable can be considered within the system, Electrodes that are designed to be placed within the body tissue or on the surface of the body or within cavities within the bodies can be devised, which are encompassed herewith. Electrodes may or may not have temperature sensors within them or near them and, for instance, the ablation process can be done by supplying heating power and applicator cooling without temperature monitoring or control but merely using empirical parameters, such as heating power and cooling fluid temperature/flow.

While several embodiments of the disclosure are shown in the drawings and/or discussed herein, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto, as it is intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of particular embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto. 

1. An electrosurgical instrument for use with a source of electrical energy to ablate tissue in a living subject, the instrument comprising: an elongated tissue-penetrating electrode including a rigid tubular member having a closed distal end defining an interior cavity extending from the closed distal end to a proximal end of the rigid tubular member, the rigid tubular member defining an electrically conductive surface capable of receiving electrical energy from a source of electrical energy; at least one electrically conductive segment located on the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode, the at least one electrically conductive segment configured to receive electrosurgical energy from the rigid tubular member; an insulation layer disposed on the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode defining an exposed portion of the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode at the distal end; at least one sensor that detects temperature of tissue during ablation; and a semiconductive material coated on the rigid tubular member and forming at least one resistive layer configured to connect the rigid tubular member with a corresponding at least one electrically conductive segment.
 2. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, wherein each respective resistive layer and the corresponding electrically conductive segment generate a thermal geometry related to the resistance of the resistive layer.
 3. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, further comprising a control line which, when activated, allows electrical current to flow from the rigid tubular member.
 4. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 3, wherein activation of the control line allows electrical current to flow from the rigid tubular member, through each resistive layer and to the corresponding electrically conductive segment.
 5. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 2, wherein the thermal geometries formed by each of the electrically conductive segments forms a thermal geometry related to the electrosurgical instrument.
 6. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 5, wherein the resistive layer is constructed from a process selected from the group consisting of a material deposition process, a removal process, spin deposition, lithography, evaporators, ion beam etching and chemical etching.
 7. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 1, further comprising a fluid conduit sized to extend into the interior cavity of the rigid tubular member and adapted to be connected to a source of coolant to supply coolant that cools tissue contiguous to the exposed portion of the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode.
 8. The electrosurgical instrument according to claim 7, wherein the source of coolant is an adjustable source of coolant that adaptively provides coolant to the fluid conduit according to the detected temperature.
 9. A system for targeting and ablating a volume of tissue to maximize the formation of a lesion, the system comprising: an electrical energy generator; an elongated tissue-penetrating electrode including a rigid tubular member having a closed distal end defining an interior cavity extending from the closed distal end to a proximal end of the rigid tubular member, the rigid tubular member defining an electrically conductive surface capable of receiving electrical energy from the electrical energy generator; at least one electrically conductive segment located on the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode, the at least one electrically conductive segment configured to receive electrosurgical energy from the rigid tubular member; a semiconductive material coated on the rigid tubular member and forming at least one resistive layer configured to connect the rigid tubular member with a corresponding at least one electrically conductive segment; an insulation layer disposed on the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode defining an exposed portion of the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode at the distal end; at least one sensor that detects a temperature during ablation; and a fluid conduit sized to extend into the interior cavity of the rigid tubular member, the fluid conduit having a first end in fluid communication with an adjustable fluid source, and a second end in fluid communication with the rigid tubular member, wherein the adjustable fluid source adaptively provides coolant to the fluid conduit.
 10. The system according to claim 9, wherein each respective resistive layer and the corresponding electrically conductive segment generates a thermal geometry related to the resistance of the resistive layer.
 11. The system according to claim 9, further comprising a control line which, when activated, allows electrical current to flow from the rigid tubular member.
 12. The system according to claim 11, wherein activation of the control line allows electrical current to flow from the rigid tubular member, through each resistive layer and to each corresponding electrically conductive segment.
 13. The system according to claim 9, wherein the resistance of a first resistive layer is different than the resistance value of a second resistive layer.
 14. The system according to claim 11, wherein the thermal geometries formed by each of the at least one electrically conductive segments forms a thermal geometry related to the electrosurgical instrument.
 15. A method for targeting and ablating a volume of tissue to maximize the formation of a lesion, the method comprising: providing an elongated tissue-penetrating electrode including a rigid tubular member and having at least one electrically conductive segment disposed on the elongated tissue-penetrating electrode; coating a semiconductive material on the rigid tubular member, the semiconductive material forming at least one resistive layer, the at least one resistive layer configured to connect the rigid tubular member with a corresponding at least one electrically conductive segment; detecting a temperature using at least one sensor during ablation; supplying electrical energy from a generator to the rigid tubular member; supplying coolant to the rigid tubular member according to the detected temperature using an adjustable source of coolant; controlling a flow of electrical energy from the rigid tubular member to the at least one electrically conductive segment; and controlling a flow of coolant from the adjustable source of coolant to the rigid tubular member.
 16. The method according to claim 15, further comprising the step of activating a control line configured to allow electrical current to flow from the rigid tubular member.
 17. The method according to claim 15, further comprising the step of generating a thermal geometry related to the resistance of the at least one resistive layer coated on the rigid tubular member. 